WINDOWS ON HUMANITY

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MESOPOTAMIAN ART​
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Footnote 27.   http://web.archive.org/web/20200713090112/http://www.ijarem.org/papers/v3-i2/8.IJAREM-B016.pdf
Fig. 3-1.     Guardian spirits   From ancient city of Nineveh, Iraq. Relief. Alabaster. Neo-Assyran culture. c. 645 - 635 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
Image:    Sanjar Alimov (maxergon.com).  
 {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 3-2.     Tell Abu Shahrain   Ruins of ancient city of Eridu, Iraq. In situ.  Photo: 2011.
Image:   Ltybcc1.    {CC BY-SA 3.0)
Fig. 3-3.     Map of of Mesopotamia in relation to the Fertile Crescent
Image:   NormanEinstein.    {CC BY-SA 3.0)
Fig. 3-4.     Map of region of ancient Sumer c. 5th - 2nd millennia B.C.
Image:   www.fanaticus.org.    {CC PD-self}
Fig. 3-5.     Map of Akkadian Empire c. 2200 B.C.
Image:   Zunkir. User:Sémhur.    {CC BY-SA 3.0)
Fig. 3-6.     Map of Babylonian Empire c. 1792 - 1750 B.C.
​
Image:   MapMaster.    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 3-7.    Map of Assyrian Empire c. 824 - 671 B.C.
Image:   Ningyou.    {CC PD-self}
Fig. 3-8.     Adda Seal    Greenstone. Akkadian culture. c. 2300 - 2200 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
Image:   Nic McPhee.    {CC BY-SA 2.0}

Fig. 3-9.       Female figurines   From ancient Girsu, Sumer, Iraq. Terracotta. Ubaid period. c. 4700 - 4200 B.C. Louvre. Paris, France.
Image:   
ALFGRN. पाटलिपुत्र.    {CC BY-SA 2.0}
Fig. 3-10.  Statuette of a priest-king   From Sumer, Iraq. Limestone. Uruk period. c. 3300 B.C. Louvre. Paris, France.
​Image:   Rama.    {CC BY-SA 3.0 FR}
Fig. 3-11.  Neo-Assyrian relief panel   From ancient city of Nimrud, Iraq. Gypsum alabaster. c. 883 - 859 B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, New York.
Image:   The Metropolitan Museum of Art.    {CC0 1.0}
Fig. 3-12.   Standing male worshiper    From ancient city of Tell Asmar, Iraq. Gypsum alabaster. Sumerian culture. c. 2900 - 2600 B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, New York.
Image:   The Metropolitan Museum of Art.    {CC0 1.0}
Fig. 3-13.   Adorers   From Abu Temple, ancient city of Tell Asmar, Iraq. Gypsum alabaster.  c. 2700 - 2500 B.C. Iraq Museum. Baghdad, Iraq.
Image:   Neuroforever. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP (Glasg).    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 3-14.   Seated Gudea   Neo-Sumerian culture. Diorite. c. 2090 B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, New York.
Image:   The Metropolitan Museum of Art.   
 {CC0 1.0}
Fig. 3-15.   Standing Gudea   Neo-Sumerian culture. Diorite. c. 2120 B.C. Louvre. Paris, France.
Image:   Jean-Pol GRANDMONT.    {CC BY 3.0)
Fig. 3-16.   King Ashurnasirpal II   Plaster cast of statue from Temple of Ishtar Sharrat-Niphi, Nimrud, Iraq. Original: Magnesite. Assyrian culture. c. 883 - 859 B.C. British Museum. London. England. Plaster: Harvard Semitic Museum. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Image:   Daderot.   
 {CC0 1.0}
Fig. 3-17.   Attendant god   From Temple of Nabu, ancient city of Nimrud, Iraq. Limestone. Assyrian culture. c. 811 - 800 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
​Image:   Ethan Doyle White.   
 {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 3-18.   Hero & beasts     Cylinder seal. Basalt. Akkadian culture. c. 2350 - 2150 B.C. Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago. Chicago, Illinois.
Image:   Sailko.     {CC BY 3.0}
Fig. 3-19.   Hero & beasts   Cylinder seal. Lapis lazuli. Akkadian culture. c. 2350 - 2150 B.C. Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago. Chicago, Illinois.
Image:   Sailko.    {CC BY 3.0}
Fig. 3-20.   Victory Stele of Naram-Sin   Stele found at ancient city of Susa, Iran. Relief. Limestone. Akkadian culture. c. 2550 B.C. Louvre. Paris, France.
​Image:   Rama.    {CC BY-SA 3.0 FR}
Fig. 3-21.    Detail of Victory Stele of Naram-Sin   Stele found at Susa, Iraq. Relief. Limestone. Akkadian culture. c. 2550 B.C. Louvre. Paris, France.
Image:    Jastrow.    {CC PD-self}

Fig. 3-22.   Molded plaque with king or god   Relief plaque. Mold-pressed ceramic. Old Babylonian period. c. 2000 - 1700 B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, New York.
Image:   The Metropolitan Museum of Art.   
 {CC0 1.0}
Fig. 3-23.   Head of a king    From ancient city of Nineveh, Iraq. Cast bronze. Akkadian culture. c. 2350 - 2200 B.C. National Museum of Iraq. Baghdad, Iraq.
Image:   
Iraqi Directorate General of Antiquities.   {CC PD-Art} {PD-US}
Fig. 3-24.   Stele of Hammurabi   Top portion of stele from ancient city of Susa, Iran. Relief. Basalt. Babylonian culture. c. 1792 - 1750 B.C. Louvre. Paris, France.
Image:   Mbzt.    {CC BY 3.0}
Fig. 3-25.   Burney Relief   Relief panel. Painted, baked clay. Old Babylonian culture. c. 19th - 18th century B.C. British Museum. London, England.
Image:   
BabelStone.    {CC0 1.0}
Fig. 3-26.   Goddess   Relief plaque. Mold-pressed ceramic. Old Babylonian culture. c. 1750 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
​Image:   BalbelStone.    
{CC BY-SA 3.0)
Fig. 3-27.   Mask of Warka   From ancient city of Uruk, Iraq. Marble. Sumerian culture. c. 3100 - 2900  B.C. Iraq Museum. Baghdad, Iraq.
Image:   Neuroforever. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP (Glasg).     {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 3-28.   The Imdugud Relief    Frieze. From Tell Al-'Ubaid, near ancient city of Ur, Iraq. Hammered copper. c. 2500 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
​
Image:   Neuroforever. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP (Glasg).    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 3-29.   Copper Bull    From Tell Al-'Ubaid, near ancient city of Ur, Iraq. Hammered copper alloy. c. 2600 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
Image:   
BabelStone.    {CC0 1.0}
Fig. 3-30.   Bassetki statue     Sculpture fragment. From palace of Naram-Sin, Iraq. Cast copper alloy. Akkadian culture. c. 2350 - 2100 B.C. Iraq Museum. Baghdad, Iraq.
Image:   United States Department of State.    {CC PD-USGov-DOS}
Fig. 3-31.   Head of a ruler    Portrait head. Cast copper  alloy. c. 2300 - 2000 B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, New York.
Image:   
The Metropolitan Museum of Art.    {CC0 1.0}
Fig. 3-32.   Investiture of the king       Mural fragment from palace of Zimri-Lim, Mari, Iraq.  Fresco secco. Second half of the c. 19th century B.C. Louvre. Paris, France.
​Image:   
Jastrow.     {CC PD-self}
Fig. 3-33.   Warka Vase    Middle register of vase from Inanna temple, ancient city of Uruk, Iraq. Relief. Alabaster. c. 3200 - 3000 B.C. Iraq Museum. Baghdad, Iraq.
​Image:   Neuroforever. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP (Glasg).     {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 3-34.   King Ashurnasirpal II lion hunt    Relief panel from ancient city of Nimrud. Alabaster. Neo-Assyrian culture. c. 865 - 860 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
​Image:   Ealdgyth.    
 {CC BY-SA 3.0)
Fig. 3-35.    Lion from the Processional Way      Tile facade of  Ishtar Gate,  ancient city of  Babylon, Iraq. Colored tile. Babylonian culture. c. 605 - 562 B.C. Louvre. Paris, France.
​Image:   Jastrow.     {CC PD-self}

Fig. 3-36.   King Tiglath-Pileser III giving audience      Modern "survey" on paper of mural from palace at ancient Til Barsip, Syria. Neo-Assyrian culture. 8th century B.C. Survey: Louvre. Paris, France.
Image:   Geagea. Gia.    {CC PD-old-expired} {PD-US}
Fig. 3-37.   An Assyrian king with his entourage    Detail of tile fragment from ancient city of Nimrud, Iraq. Glazed terra-cotta. Assyrian culture. c. 875 - 850 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
​Image:   
Neuroforever. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP (Glasg).    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 3-38.   King Tiglath-Pileser III receiving homage     Relief panel from ancient city of Nimrud, Iraq. Gypsum alabaster. Neo-Assyrian culture. c. 745 - 727 B.C. Detroit Institute of Arts. Detroit, Michigan.
Image:   Sailko.    {CC BY 3.0}
Fig. 3-39.   Cavalry charge the enemy    Relief panel from ancient city of Nimrud, Iraq. Gypsum. Neo-Assyrian culture. c. 865 - 860 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
​Image:   
Neuroforever. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP (Glasg).    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 3-40.   Hunting gazelle     Relief panel from palace of King Ashurbanipal, ancient city of  Nineveh, Iraq. Gypsum. Neo-Assyrian culture. c. 645-635 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
​Image:   
Johnbod.    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 3-41.   Assyrian soldiers with prisoners' heads     Relief panel from ancient city of Nineveh, Iraq. Gypsum. Neo-Assyrian culture. c. 700 - 692 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
​Image:   Neuroforever. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP (Glasg).    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 3-42.   Lamassu   Colossus from entrance to throne room, palace of Sargon II, ancient Dur-Sharrukin, Khorsabad, Iraq. Gypsum. Neo-Assyrian culture. c. 721 - 705 B.C. The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. Chicago, Illinois.
Image:  Trjames.   
 {CC BY-SA 3.0)
Fig. 3-43.   Hero overpowering a lion    Colossal relief sculpture from central passageway, palace of Sargon II,  ancient Dur-Sharrukin, Khorsabad, Iraq. Alabaster. Neo-Assyrian culture. c. 721 - 705 B.C. Louvre. Paris, France.
Image:   Jastrow.    {CC PD-self}
Fig. 3-44.    Transport of a colossal lamassu  Wood cut drawing (Layard 1849) of relief slab 47, palace at ancient Nineveh, Iraq. Original slab: British Museum, London, England.
Image: ResearchGate.
   {CC BY 4.0}

Fig. 3-45.   Guardian spirits   Relief panel from southwest palace, ancient city of Nineveh, Iraq. Gypsum. Neo-Assyrian culture. c. 700 - 692 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
Image:   dcastor.    {CC0 1.0}
Fig. 3-46.   Soldier beheading prisoner from Lachish     Detail of relief panel from southwest palace, ancient city of Nineveh, Iraq. Gypsum. Neo-Assyrian culture. c. 700 - 692 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
Image:   Neuroforever. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP (Glasg).    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 3-47.   Dying lion      Relief panel from north palace, city of ancient city ofNineveh, Iraq. Gypsum. Neo-Assyrian culture. c. 645- 635 B.C. British Museum. London, England.
Image:    Carole Raddato.    {CC BY-SA 2.0}
Fig. 3-48.   Two prisoners being flayed alive   Drawing (Boudier, 1903) of relief panel from palace of Sennacherib, ancient Nineveh, Iraq. Neo-Assyrian culture. Gypsum. c. 660-650 B.C. Original panel: British Museum, London. Image:    Internet Archive Book Images. {Flickr No known copyright}
Fig. 3-49.   Lion devouring a man   Relief from palace of Ashurnasirpal II, ancient city of Nimrud, Iraq. Ivory with gold. Neo-Assyrian culture. c. 9th - 7th century B.C. British Museum. London, England.
Image:   Prioryman.    {CC BY-SA 3.0}

Links:
​Ancient Mesopotamia 101, National Geographic
Babylon 3D
Funkystock images of Assyrian Art
Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Mesopotamia. Episode 3 of The Western Tradition with Eugen Weber (1989)
From Bronze to Iron. Episode 4 of The Western Tradition with Eugen Weber (1989)
Treasures of the Royal Tombs of Ur, St. Louis Art Museum


Banner:   Lion, Processional Way, Babylon.   Image:   Jastrow.   {CC PD-self}
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