WINDOWS ON HUMANITY

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PREHISTORIC ART
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Footnote 11.   Crossed Bison   Cave painting. Upper Paleolithic period. Nave, Lascaux Cave. Lascaux, France. c. 17,000 - 15,000 B.C. Replica: Lascaux II. Lascaux, France.
Image: Don Hitchcock 2008.

Footnote 19.  La Madelaine reclining woman   Cave relief. Upper Paleolithic period. La Madeleine des Ablis Cave. Dordogne, France. Modern drawing.
Image: André leroi-Gourhan L'art pariétal Langage de la préhistoire.
Footnote 27.   Venus of Hluboké Mašůvky    Figurine. Clay. c. 4000 B.C. Moravia, Czech Republic. Moravské zemské muzeum, Brno, Czech Republic.
Image: Unknown collection.
Fig. 2-1.     Cave of El Castillo interior   Cave painting. Upper Paleolithic. Puente Viesgo, Spain. In situ.
​Image:   Gabinete de Prensa del Gobierno de Cantabria.    {CC BY 3.0 ES}
Fig. 2-2.     Map of the Neanderthals' range
​Image:   Ryulong.    {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-3.     Map of the Cro-Magnons' range up to c. 30,000 B.C.
Image:   Saukkomies.    {CC PD-user}
Fig. 2-4.     Map of Upper Paleolithic archaeological sites
Image:   Sugaar.    {CC PD-self}
Fig. 2-5.     Prehistory Timeline with Scandinavia as sample region
Image:   Wikipedia.    {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-6.     Venus of Tan-Tan   Modern replica of Tan-Tan pebble from Morocco. Quartzite. c. 500,000 - 300,000 B.C. Identification disputed. Museum of Human Evolution. Burgos, Spain.
​
Image:   Dbachmann.    {CC BY-SA 4.0}

Fig. 2-7.     Ivory carving of horse    From Vogelherd Cave, Germany. Ivory. c. 31,000 B.C. Museum of the University of Tübingen, Germany.
​Image:   Wuselig.    {CC BY-SA 4.0}

Fig. 2-8.       Drawings of lionesses   Detail of modern replica of Gallery of Lions, Chauvet Cave painting.  c. 32,000 - 30,000 B.C. Replica: Anthropos Pavilion. Brno, Czech Republic.
Image:  HTO.    {CC PD-self} {PD-US} 

Fig. 2-9.     Reindeer engraving    Engraved schist plate fragment. From  La Garenne à Saint-Marcel Cave, Indre, France. Upper Paleolithic period. Musée d’archéologie nationale de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. France.
​
Image:   Siren-Com.    {CC BY-SA 3.0)
Fig. 2-10.   The Lamp of Lascaux    From Lascaux Cave, France. Red sandstone. c. 17,000 - 15,000 B.C. National Prehistory Museum. Les Eyzies-de-Tayac, France.
Image:   Sémhur.    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 2-11.   Bull and Cow Bison   Modern replica of modeled clay from Tuc d'Audoubert Cave, France. c. 13,000 B.C. Replica: Musee d'Archeologie Nationale. Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France.
Image:  Chatsam.     {CC BY-SA 3.0)
Fig. 2-12.   Speared Horse   Modern replica of Lascaux Cave painting, Lascaux, France. c. 17,000 - 15,000 B.C. Replica: Lascaux II. Lascaux, France.
​Image:   Sevela.p.    {CC PD-old-100} {PD-US}
Fig. 2-13.   Axial Gallery interior   Lascaux Cave, France. c. 17,000 - 15,000 B.C. In situ.
​Image:   Francesco Bandarin.    {CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO}   
Fig. 2-14.   Curled up Bison   Altamira Cave painting. Altamira, Spain. c. 34,000 - 15,000 B.C. In situ. Image reversed.
​Image:   Daniel Villafruela.    {CC BY 3.0}
​Fig. 2-15.   Bison with entrails   Modern replica of Lascaux Cave painting. Lascaux, France. c. 17,000 - 15,000 B.C. In situ. Replica: Lascaux II. Lascaux, France.
Image:   Peter80 / Sailko.    {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-16.   Neanderthal tools   Neanderthal Museum. Mettmann, Germany.
​Image:   
Einsamer Schütze.    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 2-17.   Cro-Magnon tools     Solutrean. c. 22,000 - 17,000 B.C. Musee d'Archeologie Nationale. Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France.
Image:   World Imaging.    {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-18.   Horses   Detail of modern replica of Horses, Chauvet Cave painting. c. 32,000 - 30,000 B.C. Replica:  Caverne du Pont d'Arc, France.
​Image:   Claude Valette.   
 {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 2-19.   Five Stags   Modern replica of Lascaux Cave painting. Lascaux, France.  c. 17,000 - 13,000 B.C. Replica: Musée d'Aquitaine à Bordeaux, France.
Image:   Pline.    {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-20.   Stags and Fishes   Modern drawing of engraved Magdalenian antler. From Lorthet, France. c. 17,000 - 12,000 B.C. The Musée d'Archéologie nationale, Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. Drawing: Unknown collection.
Image:   Welcome Images. Ashley Van Haeften.  
 {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 2-21.   Aurochs   Modern replica of Lascaux Cave painting. Lascaux, France. c. 17,000 - 15,000 B.C. Replica: Lascaux II. Lascaux, France.
Image:   Coen.vromans.      {CC PD-Art} {PD-user} {PD-US}
Fig. 2-22.   The Aurochs from Vig   Skeleton from the Mesolithic period, Europe. c. 8600 B.C. National Museum of Denmark. Copenhagen, Denmark.
Image:   Richard Mortel.   {CC BY 2.0}
Fig. 2-23.   Woolly rhinoceros   Modern replica of Chauvet Cave painting. Chauvet, France. c. 32,000 - 30,000 B.C. Replica: Caverne du Pont d'Arc, France.
Image:   Inocybe.    {CC PD-Art / PD-old default} {PD-user} {PD-US}
Fig. 2-24.   Woolly rhinoceros skeleton   From Siberia, Russio. Pleistocene period. Before 8000 B.C. Museum of Toulouse, France.
Image:   Archaeodontosaurus. Didier Descouens.   
 {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 2-25.   Running horses   Modern replica of Lascaux Cave painting. Lascaux, France. c. 17,000 - 15,000 B.C. Replica: Lascaux II. Lascaux, France.
Image:   Maañón. Jack Versloot.    {CC BY 2.0}
Fig. 2-26.   Bison licking insect bite   Reindeer antler from the Magdalene Shelter. c. 20,000 - 12,000 B.C. National Museum of Prehistory. Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil. France.
Image:   Jochen Jahnke.   
 {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-27.   Mammoth   From Vogelherd Cave, Germany. Ivory.  c. 33,000 B.C. Museum Schloss Hohentübingen, Universität Tübingen, Germany.
​
Image:   Thilo Parg    {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-28.   Venus of Willendorf   From Willendorf, Austria. Limestone. c. 28,000 - 25,000 B.C. Museum of Natural History. Vienna, Austria.
Image:   MatthiasKabel.    {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-29.   Venus of Hohle Fels   Modern replica of figurine from Hohle Fels Cave, Germany. Ivory. c. 40,000 - 35,000 B.C. Museum of Prehistory. Blaubeuren, Germany.
Image:  Ramessos
.  {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-30.   Venus 3 of Kostenki     From Kostenki site, Don River, Russia. Ivory. Gravettien. c. 25,000 B.C. The Hermitage Museum. St. Petersburg, Russia.
​Image:   Bullenwächter. Photo by Andreas Franzkowiak.    {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-31.   Venus of Brassempouy    Fragment of figurine from the "Pope's Cave," Brassempouy, France. Ivory. c. 27,000 - 25,000 B.C. Musée d'Archéologie Nationale. Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France.
Image:   BastienM.  
 {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-32.   Venus from Dolní Věstonice        From Moravia. Baked clay. c. 29,000 - 25,000 B.C. Moravské zemské muzeum, Brno, Czech Republic.
Image:   che. Petr 
Novák, Wikipedia.    {CC BY-SA 2.5}
Fig. 2-33.   Venus of Lespugue     Restored replica of original figurine from Lespugue, France. Ivory. c. 26,000 - 24,000 B.C. Musée de l'Homme. Paris, France.
Image:   
Locutus Borg. José-Manuel Benito.    {CC PD-user}
Fig. 2-34.   Venus of Landek    Modern replica of original figurine from Ostrava Petřkovice, Czech Republic. Hematite. c. 25,000 - 23,000 B.C. Academy of Sciences, Archaeological Institute. Brno, Czech Republic.
Image:   Kozuch, crop by Ragimiri.   
 {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-35.    Addaura rock engraving      Modern replica of engraving from Addaura Cave, Sicily. c. 10,000 - 8000 B.C. Replica: Museo Regionale Archeologico. Palermo, Sicily,
Image:   Bjs. Bernhard J. Scheuvens.    {CC0 1.0}

Fig. 2-36.   Four hunters and deer      Modern drawing of rock painting from  "Cave of the horses" in the Valltorta Gorge,  Valencia, Spain. Mesolithic period.  Drawing: Unknown collection.
Image:   Locutus Borg.   {CC PD-old} {PD-US}
Fig. 2-37.   Congo nail fetish     Kongo people, Congo region, Africa. Nails, wood. c. 1880 - 1920 A.D. Carnegie Museum of Art. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Image:   Daderot.    {CC PD-self} {PD-US}
Fig. 2-38.    Sagana Mask    Dogon culture. Mali, Africa. Wood. Late 19th - early 20th century A.D. Brooklyn Museum, New York.
Image:   The Brooklyn Museum.    {CC BY 3.0}
Fig. 2-39.   Megaloceros    Modern replica of Lascaux Cave painting, Lascaux, France.  c. 15,000 B.C. In situ.  Replica: Lascaux II. Lascaux, France.
​Image:   HTO.    {CC PD-self} {PD-US}

Fig. 2-40.   Chi wara antelope headdress     Bambara tribe. Mali, Africa. Wood. Late 19th - early 20th century A.D. Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn, New York.
Image:   The Brooklyn Museum.    {CC BY 3.0}
Fig. 2-41.    Venus Impudique    1907 drawing of original figurine from Laugerie-Basse, France. Ivory. c. 16, 000 - 14,000 B.C.  Original: Musée de l'Homme. Paris, France. Drawing: Unknown collection.
Image:   Primaler.    {CC PD-old-70} {PD-US}
Fig. 2-42.    Maori house post     Maori people, New Zealand.  Wood. c. 1800 A.D. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, New York.
Image:   The Metropolitan Museum of Art.   
 {CC0 1.0}
Fig. 2-43.    Map of Ice Age Europe     Showing ice cap and  shorelines.
Image:   Kentynet.    {CC BY 3.0}
Fig. 2-44.    Map of prehistoric human migrations
​
Image:   Maulucioni.    {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-45.    Map of spread of Neolithic culture, Europe
​Image:   Eva Fernández , Alejandro Pérez-Pérez, Cristina Gamba, Eva Prats, Pedro Cuesta, Josep Anfruns, Miquel Molist, Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo, Daniel Turbón.    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 2-46.    Neolithic tools      Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki, Greece.
Image:   Michael Greenhalgh.    {CC BY-SA 2.5}
​Fig. 2-47.   Herdsmen   Rock painting from Manda Guéli Cave, Ennedi Plateau, Chad, Africa. Red ocher with white. Camel Period after c. 200 B.C. In situ.
Image:   David Stanley.   
 {CC BY 2.0}
Fig. 2-48.    Herdsmen and hunters     Rock painting, Red ocher with white. c. 8000 - 4000 B.C. Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria. In situ.
Image:   Patrick Gruban.     {CC BY-SA 2.0}   
Fig. 2-49.    Equestrian warriors     Rock painting from Terkei Cave, Ennedi Plateau, Chad, Africa. Red ocher.  Horse Period after c. 1600 B.C. In situ.
Image:   David Stanley.    {CC BY 2.0}
Fig. 2-50.   Plastered skull from Beisamoun   Skull, plaster. Neolithic B Period c. 9000 - 6000 B.C. Moshe Stekelis Museum of Prehistory. Haifa, Israel.
Image:   Hanay.    {CC BY 3.0}

Fig. 2-51.   Fertility goddess   Figurine from Tappeh Sarāb, Kermānshāh, Iran. Modeled clay. c. 7000 - 6100  B.C. National Museum of Iran. Tehran, Iran.
​Image:   National Museum of Iran.    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 2-52.    Marble female figure     Cycladic culture. Marble. Late Neolithic c. 4500 - 4000 B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, New York.
Image:   The Metropolitan Museum of Art.    {CC0 1.0}
Fig. 2-53.   Thinker of Cernavodă    Figurine from Cernavodă, Romania. Baked clay. Hamangia culture. c. 5000 - 4600 B.C. National Historical Museum of Bucharest. Bucharest. Romania.
​Image:   三猎.    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 2-54.   Seated Woman of Cernavodă   Figurine from Cernavodă, Romania. Baked clay. Hamangia culture. c. 5000 - 4600 B.C. National Historical Museum of Bucharest. Bucharest. Romania.
Image:    
三猎.    {CC BY-SA 4.0}
Fig. 2-55.   Fertility Goddess   From Ҫatalhöyük. Baked clay (restored). c. 6000 - 5500 B.C. Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. Ankara, Turkey.
Image:   Nevit. Nevit Dilmen.  
  {CC BY-SA 3.0}
Fig. 2-56.   Ҫatalhöyük mural    Copy of reconstructed mural from Shrine VII. 14, Ҫatalhöyük, Turkey. c. 6600 B.C. Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. Ankara, Turkey. Drawing: John Swogger. Collection unknown.
Image:   
Kiss Tamás (Kit36a at Hungarian Wikipedia).    {CC BY-SA 3.0}

Links
​Art in Africa
African Rock Art
The Bradshaw Foundation
Cave Art 101, National Geographic

The Dawn of History Episode 1 of The Western Tradition with Eugen Weber (1989)
Don's Maps
Lascaux: A Visit to the Cave

Banner:   Cave of El Castillo interior.    Image:   Gabinete de Prensa del Gobierno de Cantabria.    {CC BY 3.0 ES}
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